Sustainable Development and Provision of Quality Life Options Assignment

Sustainable Development and Provision of Quality Life Options - Assignment Example Nevertheless, ‘needs’ mechanism enable organizations and individuals to compromise on environmental pollution, this pollution due to overconsumption develops the unliveable environment for the future generation in long term. ‘Needs’ initiate such processes for which short-term benefit is assessed and collected, but their long-term and wider detrimental impact on the planet is not taken into consideration. Subsequently, Sustainable development forwards a balanced approach to life, which brings social, governmental, and economic restrictions for the sake of better future. Vivid examples of poor unsustainable development can commonly be observed like hefty financial crises due to negligent banking and governmental policies, increase in air pollution due to fossil fuel burning, pacific garbage patch due to waste dumped in the sea, deforestation, no-recycling, ecological issues due to pesticides and chemical fertilizers and etc. Poor quality of air in Urban or industrial areas develop smog that contains sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and carbon mono oxide. These toxic gases are lethal for lungs and can cause long-term respiratory issues, change in human organ functions, and also cardiovascular syndrome as well. Similarly, noise pollution of heavy traffic, industrial units, constructional activities and various machines can cause hearing impediments, sleep disorders, aggressive temperament, stress, cardiovascular syndromes and many more. Pollution of any type is due to short-term benefit and lack of long-term planning according to sustainable development. Hygiene issues due to water pollution in heavily populated areas can cause people and their future generations to suffer from numerous health issues as well. The above-mentioned issues are a result of unsustainable development, inadequate urban planning, and functioning in the recent world. However, to adopt sustainable development lifestyle efforts are required to remodel current and existing processes into sustainable processes, and consumption needs into sustainable consumption.  Ã‚  

Gandhis Contribution to World War I Essay Example for Free

Gandhis Contribution to World War I Essay Why? 1)He had begun to approve of the idea of home rule, but he had no interest in exchanging government by British elite for rule by an Anglicized Indian elite. If swaraj was to come to India, he argued, it must come as part of a wholesale social transformation that stripped away the old burdens of caste and crippling poverty. 2)Gandhi had said – â€Å"I felt then that it was more the fault of individual officials than of the British system, and that we could convert them by love. If we would improve our status through the help and cooperation of the British, it was our duty to win their help by standing by them in their hour of need. 3)He had been almost alone among Indian leaders who had argued for unconditional support to Britain in her hour of need in the hope of a worthy gesture at the end of the war. 4)The issue in Champaran involved European traders forcing illegal dues and payments upon the peasants; Ahmedabad’s problem was centred on the unfair treatment of industrial workers; and the predicament in Kheda was caused by the government ignoring the farmers’ appeals for the remission of land revenue. Gandhi solved each dilemma using unique, yet effective methods which gained him the respect and commitment of many political workers. These events depict the growing unrest in India very clearly. India was itching to fight for independence, which would be a very bloody battle indeed. Gandhi, therefore, decided to support the British Empire in the war, hoping that in return, India would gain independence. What? 1)In April 1918, during the latter part of World War I, the Viceroy invited Gandhi to a War Conference in Delhi. Gandhi agreed to actively recruit Indians for the war effort.[43] In contrast to the Zulu War of 1906 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he recruited volunteers for the Ambulance Corps, this time Gandhi attempted to recruit combatants. In a June 1918 leaflet entitled Appeal for Enlistment, Gandhi wrote To bring about such a state of things we should have the ability to defend ourselves, that is, the ability to bear arms and to use themIf we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible dispatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army.† 2)Early in 1918, the war seemed to be going badly for the Allies; a German thrust was expected on the western front, and the Viceroy summoned prominent leaders of Indian opinion to a War Conference in Delhi. Gandhi supported the resolution on recruitment with a single sentence in Hindi: With a full sense of my responsibility, I beg to support the resolution. 3)When World War I broke out, Gandhi was on the high seas, he was homeward bound, though he hoped to spend a few weeks in England. On August 6, 1914, he landed on English soil and lost no time in calling a meeting of his Indian friends to raise an ambulance unit Public opinion 1)Gandhi did not favour a bargain with the government by offering cooperation at a price and said: That we have been loyal at a time of stress is no test of fitness for swaraj (self-government). Loyalty is no merit. It is a necessity of citizenship all the world over. 2)During the years 1916-18, Gandhi did not take active part in politics. The Moderates did not like his extra-constitutional methods of Satyagraha, the Extremists did not like his studied tenderness to the British Government during the war Consequence And having fought a war whose supposed purpose was to protect the rights of small states and independent peoples from tyranny, the rhetoric of British rule in India had begun to ring hollow 1)In this atmosphere, the harried British government made a frightful mistake. They elected to follow the recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee, which advocated the retention of wartime restrictions in India–including curfews and the suppression of free speech. Gandhi, reading the soon-to-be-passed Rowlatt Act in his sickbed, was too weak to mount a protest, but his loyalty to the Empire, which he had long viewed as the guarantor of Indian liberties, suffered a major blow. 2)Gandhi learned through the Sedition Committee Report that the government of India was going to introduce legislation to curb civil liberties. All of the Indian soldiers lost their lives in vain because the British Empire had absolutely no plans to give India its freedom. 3)Heartbroken, India grew more and more restless. When General Dryer heartlessly slaughtered 379 people at Jallianwala Bagh, the country could take no more. Awhile later, Gandhi launched a nation-wide struggle. And finally, on August 15th, 1947, India finally won its independence. 1)Charlie Andrews confirms, Personally I have never been able to reconcile this with his own conduct in other respects, and it is one of the points where I have found myself in painful disagreement.[46] Gandhis private secretary also had acknowledged that The question of the consistency between his creed of Ahimsa` (non-violence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since. 2)They wondered, could the apostle of peace ask them to take up arms in defense of the Raj? About 1.3 million Indian soldiers fought in the war. 47, 746 soldiers died and 65, 126 were wounded from the Indian army. This doesn’t seem like something Gandhi would want, right? Many people wonder why Gandhi wanted Indians to fight, since he always strictly adhered to non-violence. His support for India’s involvement in World War One causes us to question his consistency and perhaps even his belief in ahimsa. 3)He did, however, stipulate in a letter to the Viceroys private secretary that he personally will not kill or injure anybody, friend or foe

The Philosophical Legacy of the 16th and 17th Century Socinians: Their Rationality :: Philosophy Religion Essays

The Philosophical Legacy of the 16th and 17th Century Socinians: Their Rationality ABSTRACT: The doctrines of the Socinians represent a rational reaction to a medieval theology based on submission to the Church’s authority. Though they retained Scripture as something supra rationem, the Socinians analyzed it rationally and believed that nothing should be accepted contra rationem. Their social and political thought underwent a significant evolutionary process from a very utopian pacifistic trend condemning participation in war and holding public and judicial office to a moderate and realistic stance based on mutual love, support of the secular power of the state, active participation in social and political life, and the defense of social equality. They spoke out against the enserfment of peasants, and were the first Christians to postulate the separation of Church and state. The spirit of absolute religious freedom expressed in their practice and writings, ‘determined, more or less immediately, all the subsequent revolutions in favor of religious liber ty.’(1) The precursor ideas of the Socinians on religious freedom later were expanded, perfected, and popularized by Locke and Pierre Bayle. Locke’s ideas were transplanted to America by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson who implemented them in American legislation. The rationality of the Socinians set the trend for the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment and determined the future development of many modern intellectual endeavors. Several religious and intellectual movements today claim the right to the heritage of the religious group, the Socinians, that developed in Poland and in Transylvania in XVIth and XVIIth centuries. The claimants vary from the Christian churches to the atheistic or deistic Humanists and each of them usually selects a specific set of Socinian views ignoring the rest. The Socinians were known under various names such as the Polish Brethren, Antitrinitarians, Arians, and Unitarians. The name Socinians was used mostly in western Europe.(2) They were eventually expelled from Poland in 1660 to fulfill King John Casimir's religious vow to the Holy Virgin to avenge the denial of the Divine Trinity by "heretics." Such a denial was deemed an act most blasphemous according to Catholic ideology. Historical Outline At the roots of Socinianism are the theological ideas transplanted from western Europe and the social ideas borrowed initially from the Anabaptists and Moravian Brethren. Discussions at the meetings of the secret society of Catholic scholars in Cracow since 1546 had, as a purpose, reform of the church and included the works of Michael Servetus.

David Walker’s Appeal

Chatarpaul 1 David Walker’s Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World is aimed towards African-American slaves and freedmen. His goal was to have all his â€Å"brethren†, rise up and fight against slaveholders and farmers. Walker called for vengeance against white men, but he also expressed the hope that their cruel behavior toward blacks would change, making vengeance unnecessary. His message to the slaves was direct; if they were not given liberty, then should take action and rebel. The Appeal caused a stir among slaveholders and slaves.In it, Walker argued that armed resistance was justified and should be used if necessary. As could be expected, slaveholders feared that it would cause slave uprisings. Slaves on the other hand, were encouraged by its message. It was common for groups of slaves to gather and listen to the reading of the text. Depending upon whether one was a slave or a slaveholder, the Appeal had become both dangerous and inspiring. David Walker†™s appeal to me is targeted towards blacks. More specifically it is aimed at slaves and freedmen.It is clear that Walker is very well strong about making his point to his brethren when he states, â€Å"The whites want slaves, and want us for their slaves, but some of them will curse the day they ever saw us. As true as the sun ever shone in its meridian splendor, my color will root some of them out of the very face of the earth. They shall have enough of making slaves of, and butchering, and murdering us in the manner which they have. †(22) In this quote, it may appear that Walker is bad spirited but he is not because he wants the whites to feel the same pain as his people and he is feeling.Walker only wants the worse for those slaveholders that abuse their power over their slaves. I am sure many slaves agreed with what Walker said here because Chatarpaul 2 whites don’t know how much pain and suffering they’re causing to the slaves. Walker believed that slaver y was a crime against humanity. He wanted the whites to feel what his people were feeling. Walker’s appeal is really about trying to get black people in the north and south to prepare themselves any way they can for resistance and slavery. The man who would not fight under our Lord and Master Jesus Christ, in the glorious and heavenly cause of freedom and of God† (14), as Walker states, had no right to be free; but those who did were promised by Walker a renewed sense of self-respect, and communal and spiritual identity. Walker later goes on to say, â€Å"Are we men! I ask you, O my brethren! Are we men? Did our Creator make us to be slaves to dust and ashes like ourselves? †¦ Have we any other Master but Jesus Christ alone? † (18). The answers to these questions would only be determined by the slaves themselves because it was up to them to make a stand.Walker appeals to the slaves and freedmen when he later says, â€Å"America is more our country than it i s the whites-we have enriched it with our blood and tears†¦ will they drive us from our property and homes, which we have earned with our blood? † Walker here is referring to colonization, where free blacks were supposed to be moved to a colony in Africa. By what Walker said in the above quote, he believed that America belonged to all who helped build it. He also emphasizes this by saying to the whites, â€Å"America is as much our country, as it is yours. Treat us like men, and there is no danger but we will all live in peace and happiness. † This quote is basically addressed to his white readers in hoping to change their heart. With that being said, Walker knows that it will be Chatarpaul 3 hard to convince whites to change their minds, but at least he mentions it and whites can take it with a sigh of relief. The readers of Walker’s Appeal are supposed to be enlightened and arouse by it because he is urging them to claim their human rights. He states, â₠¬Å"Oh! My colored brethren, all over the world, when shall we arise from this death-like apathy? -And be men!! In this quote there’s a sense of urgency and Walker makes that clear. I think that by reading this many slaves were feeling connected to Walker and with that connection they were ready to accept the appeal and do something about slavery. Those who were free was also ready to make a stand because Walker preached that all â€Å"brethren† should unite, those free and those not free. In order for blacks to make a statement to the whites, they all had to unite to prove that they shouldn’t be treated the way they were. In the following quote he clearly addresses his fellow blacks by saying, â€Å"I would wish, candidly †¦ o be understood, that I would not give a pinch of snuff to be married to any white person I ever saw in all the days of my life. † Here he is trying to show that no matter what the situation is he will not have anything to do wit h white people, men or women. He really wants his readers to understand him in many ways more than one. He goes on to say, â€Å"†¦until you see your way clear-when that hour arrives and you move, be not afraid or dismayed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , he doesn’t want slaves to be afraid of the whites. With this appeal, many slaves and freedmen would agree with Walker because he is giving them great reasons to make a stand.He is also encouraging them by talking about god and what rights they have as humans. Although it took many a while to understand Walker’s points, his appeal was definitely a starting point for blacks to put an Chatarpaul 4 end to slavery. If blacks are successful in putting and end to slavery then he states,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦we will want all the learning and talents among ourselves, and perhaps more, to govern ourselves. † By saying this adds a positive point to Walker’s appeal because he is telling them about the possible outcome of ending slavery. Walker’s appeal inspired the slaves and freedmen to try and put an end to slavery. The appeal was a document aimed towards blacks, slaves and freedmen. It urged and encouraged them to fight for their liberty, and if they didn’t get that, then they rise in rebellion. Both of these two groups, black slaves and freedmen would agree to Walker’s appeal because he was trying to show them a way towards liberty and happiness. Although it didn’t happen at that point, it certainly opened up new ways for blacks to fight for their own rights.This appeal inspired many that were there at the present time of David Walker and also those who followed such as Frederick Douglas, and Nat Turner. The appeal was successful because many slave revolts began soon after it was published and smuggled around by seamen. This appeal sought out to get slaves to fight for their freedom and blacks as a whole to get their liberty, and it did that. Walker died in Boston on June 28, 1830, u nder mysterious circumstances. His challenge to the slaves to free themselves was an important contribution to the assault on human slavery.

Domestic and Community Violence Essay

Domestic abuse and child abuse cases have been on the rise in the recent past causing child and human rights activists to seek for ways of containing the situation. Previous studies have concluded that the cases of child abuse and domestic violence have risen in America and the world at large because of poor approaches used to contain them. In addition, the shocking news that more than 1,200 children die each year due to child abuse and a good percentage of them are girls less than 16years is worrying both parents and teachers. The rise in violence prevalence has been attributed to; poor child upbringing, poverty, modernization, lack of knowledge and neglect because studies have proved that abused ‘children’ will abuse their children in future etc (Nocav and Bourbonnais, 2002) The following issues indicate different stories; First, the U. S Advisory Board on Child Abuse has suggested that both child abuse and domestic violence may be the single major precursor to the main fatalities in the country hence the seriousness of the matter. This has come at a time when a survey conducted early this year found out that school age children who witness and exhibit violence of any form not only in their families but also in the churches, towns or schools suffer from problems such as; anxiety, depression and violence towards their peers. This calls for urgent strategies to prevent and address them at once. The best of them is the use of teachers to counsel the abused children, report suspected cases or take any necessary action that will be suitable. Teachers and domestic violence initiative program It has been noticed that more and more cases of child and domestic violence go unnoticed because of stigmatization or fear of retaliation especially by children. The main solution according to this program is to use the interactive ability of our teachers in schools to strictly follow any cases of suspected child abuse either directed to the child or to the parents. Children are very talkative especially with good interaction with their teachers are golden opportunities that can be used to assist those fighting the vice to get access to unreported cases. The objective of this program is to improve system and community responses of abuse of children and their families. All people today face the challenge of developing enhanced policies and programs to meet the increased need for curbing child abuse cases. This program will therefore ensure that members of the community respond immediately to allegations of child and women abuse. This report will deal with a program suitable for teachers in our schools to be in the front line in preventing domestic violence in our society. (Lupton and Power, 2002) The program considers the motivational tactics of getting teachers interact with their children outside the classroom and that they get the opportunity of knowing the problems children undergo while in class. It is obvious that children’s performance while in class reduce especially for abused children. In this program, teachers especially those teachers who teach children in lower grade classes will be taken through training sessions on how to interact more effectively with their students in class. The training sessions will also include learning the signs of domestically abused of sexually abused children The program will involve the utilization of services from survivors and activists who will keep the tracers well informed and properly equipped with the skills to handle, report and discuss cases of violence through the children. In that case, the children will be able to inform their teachers that their parents were quarrelling last night, they were raped last week or even misused over the weekend. These and other reporting tactics will be fundamental in helping the police to further investigate the allegations. As long as they will be funds to help schools identify troubled and troubled children at an early stage, it will be possible to rectify any impacts that might have been created by the abuses children go through. This program will therefore go a long way in boosting reconciliation and cutting incidences of crime and violence in our schools and society. When children are troubled and very disruptive in schools and at home, that is a sign of warning that children are either not being taken care of or they are experiencing some bad habits at home. It is then that teachers, parents and counselors come to look for causes of the wearied behaviors. The program described above will help in ensuring that such kind of strategies is achieved. (Nocav and Bourbonnais, 2002) Conclusion Teachers have a role to play in eradication domestic violence and child abuse in our society. They can do so by creating close interactions with their students who will then reveal what happens behind the curtains either to themselves or the house-help or any of their parents. Since the teachers will be given the opportunity to learn more about social and domestic violence, then it will be possible to change social and institutional norms that perpetuate family violence in the future. Together with other domestic violence programs, child welfare agencies and community organizers everybody can take part in forming effective collaborations and build partnership that will at the long run promote safe and health families. References Nocav, S. and Bourbonnais, C. (2002): No Room of Her Own. A Literature Review on â€Å"Women and Homelessness† CMHC Ottawa Lupton, R and Power, A. (2002): Social Exclusion & Neighborhoods. In Understanding Social Exclusion† Hills J, Le Grand J. & Piachaud D. Edn pp. 118- 140: Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Presidential Bill Signing Statements - Purposes and Legality

Presidential Bill Signing Statements - Purposes and Legality A bill signing statement is an optional written directive issued by the President of the United States upon signing a bill into law. Signing statements are typically printed along with the text of the bill in the United States Code Congressional and Administrative News (USCCAN). Signing statements typically begin with the phrase â€Å"This bill, which I have signed today†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and continue with a synopsis of the bill and several paragraphs of often-political commentary on how the bill should be enforced. In his article Imperial Presidency 101-the Unitary Executive Theory, Civil Liberties Guide Tom Head refers to presidential signing statements as being documents in which the president signs a bill but also specifies which parts of a bill he or she actually intends to enforce. On the face of it, that sounds terrible. Why even have Congress go through the legislative process if presidents can unilaterally re-write the laws it enacts? Before flatly condemning them, there are some things you need to know about presidential signing statements. Source of the Power   The presidents legislative power to issue signing statements is based in Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution, which states that the president shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed... Signing statements are considered to be one way in which the president faithfully executes the laws passed by Congress. This interpretation is supported by the U.S. Supreme Courts 1986 decision in the case of Bowsher v. Synar, which held that ... interpreting a law enacted by Congress to implement the legislative mandate is the very essence of execution of the law. Purposes and effect of signing statements In 1993, the Department of Justice attempted to define the four purposes for presidential signing statements and the constitutional legitimacy of each: To simply explain what the bill will do and how it will benefit the people: No controversy here.To instruct the responsible Executive Branch agencies on how the law should be administered: This use of signing statements, says the Justice Department, is constitutional and is upheld by the Supreme Court in Bowsher v. Synar. Executive Branch officials are legally bound by the interpretations contained in presidential signing statements.To define the presidents opinion of the laws constitutionality: More controversial than the first two, this use of the signing statement typically has one of at least three sub-purposes: to identify certain conditions under which the president thinks all or parts of the law could be ruled unconstitutional; to frame the law in a manner that would save it from being declared unconstitutional; to state that the entire law, in the presidents opinion, unconstitutionally usurps his authority and that he will refuse to enforce it.Through Republican and Democrati c administrations, the Department of Justice has consistently advised presidents that the Constitution gives them the authority to refuse to enforce laws they believed to be clearly unconstitutional, and that expressing their intent through a signing statement is a valid exercise of their constitutional authority.On the other hand, it has been argued that it is the president’s constitutional duty to veto and refuse to sign bills he or she believes to be unconstitutional. In 1791, Thomas Jefferson, as the nation’s first Secretary of State, advised President George Washington that the veto â€Å"is the shield provided by the constitution to protect against the invasions of the legislature [of] 1. the rights of the Executive 2. of the Judiciary 3. of the states and state legislatures.† Indeed, past presidents including Jefferson and Madison have vetoed bills on constitutional grounds, even though they supported the bills’ underlying purposes. To create a type of legislative history intended to be used by the courts in future interpretations of the law: Criticized as an attempt by the president to actually invade Congress turf by taking an active part in the law-making process, this is clearly the most controversial of all the uses for signing statements. The president, they argue, attempts to amend legislation passed by Congress through this type of signing statement. According to the Justice Department, the legislative history signing statement originated in the Reagan Administration. In 1986, then-Attorney General Meese entered into an arrangement with the West Publishing Company to have presidential signing statements published for the first time in the U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News, the standard collection of legislative history. Attorney General Meese explained the purpose of his actions as follows: To make sure that the Presidents own understanding of whats in a bill is the same . . . or is given consideration at the time of statutory construction later on by a court, we have now arranged with the West Publishing Company that the presidential statement on the signing of a bill will accompany the legislative history from Congress so that all can be available to the court for future construction of what that statute really means. The Department of Justice offers views both supporting and condemning presidential signing statements through which presidents seems to take an active role in the lawmaking process: In Support of Signing Statements  Ã‚   The president has a constitutional right and political duty to play a integral role in the legislative process. Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution requires that the president shall from time to time recommend to [Congress] Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. Further, Article I, Section 7 requires that to become and actual law, a bill requires the presidents signature. If he [the president] approve it he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated. In his widely acclaimed The American Presidency, 110 (2d ed. 1960), author Clinton Rossiter, suggests that over time, the president has become a sort of prime minister or third House of Congress. . . . [H]e is now expected to make detailed recommendations in the form of messages and proposed bills, to watch them closely in their tortuous progress on the floor and in committee in each house, and to use every honorable means within his power to persuade . . . Congress to give him what he wanted in the first place. Thus, suggests the Justice Department, it may be appropriate for the president, through signing statements, to explain what his (and Congress) intention was in making the law and how it will be implemented, particularly if the administration had originated the legislation or played a significant part in moving it through Congress. Opposing Signing Statements The argument against a president using signing statements to alter Congress intent as to meaning and enforcement of new laws is once again based in the constitution. Article I, Section 1 clearly states, All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Not in a Senate and House and a president. Along the long road of committee consideration, floor debate, roll call votes, conference committees, more debate and more votes, the Congress alone creates the legislative history of a bill. It can also be argued that by attempting to reinterpret or even nullify parts of a bill which he has signed, the president is exercising a type of line-item veto, a power not currently bestowed on presidents. Tough the practice pre-dates his administration, some of the signing statements issued by President George W. Bush were criticized for including language that too extensively changing the meaning of the bill. In July 2006, a task force of the American Bar Association stated that the use of signing statements to modify the meaning of duly enacted laws serves to â€Å"undermine the rule of law and our constitutional system of separation of powers.† Summary The recent use of presidential signing statements to functionally amend legislation passed by Congress remains controversial and is arguably not within the scope of powers granted to the president by the Constitution. The other less controversial uses of signing statements are legitimate, can be defended under the Constitution and can be useful in the long-term administration of our laws. Like any other power, however, the power of presidential signing statements can be abused.

Narrative Paper on Just off Main Street by Elmaz Abinader Essay Example

Narrative Paper on Just off Main Street by Elmaz Abinader Essay Example Narrative Paper on Just off Main Street by Elmaz Abinader Paper Narrative Paper on Just off Main Street by Elmaz Abinader Paper Essay Topic: Main Street Breaking Barriers: Acceptance of Exoticization In her essay Just off Main Street, published by the United States Department of State, Elmaz Abinader stresses the importance of embracing cultural differences. Abinader precisely describes her struggles as an Arab-American attempting to stay true to her two worlds: the American society and her Lebanese culture. As an Armenian I can directly relate to almost every instance Abinader depicts throughout her essay. Abinaders words and descriptions clearly outline the context of her two worlds. For example, a key symbol Abinader consistently mentions is the magic door r portal that separates the outside and inside world (par 1). Through her descriptions, comparisons, and cultural concepts, Adinader creates worlds of meaning between her former portal and the outside world by eliminating the ignorance and sparking a domino effect of acceptance to all Middle Eastern cultures. In her first paragraph, Abinader sets up the norms in todays society. She uses the word standard which immediately causes the reader to picture the typical American community. The first paragraph signaled for a comparison between Abinaders community and her home life. When she states, From the face of it, our businesses looked like any others, I understand that her family is attempting to put up a front in order to blend in (par 2). When Abinader states, my father and my uncle stood in the doorways of their establishments, her use of the word establishments has meaning to me. Most individuals of Middle Eastern, European decent are very hardworking and take their possessions and accomplishments seriously. These cultures have an ideology encompassing strong pride, because in historical situations they have been criticized and undermined. On April 24, 191 5 the Ottoman Turks killed over 1. 5 million Armenians. This tragedy is referred to as the Armenian genocide. However, till this day the Turks and several uninformed individuals deny that it occurred. This denial serves as a perfect example as to why Middle Eastern, Europeans stay close to their culture and have pride. They yearn for a sense of belonging (par 12). Abinader speaks of the belonging and Joy her family scenes brought her, yet she could not share this Joy with those on the other side of the door because of their lack of acceptance (par 12). The description of Abinaders peers, Jeannie and Renee, precisely contrast the two lives on either side of the magic door. Abinader describes her fascination of the shiny bikes with streamers and the collection of Barbie doll paraphernalia. Her fascination and her description of the after-school duties she would partake in created a stark contrast between her and her classmates. Why is different looked upon negatively? The reason Abinader was ridiculed on the playground was not specifically because of her dark hair or her ape like arms (par 4). The ridicule occurred due to her differences; she was exotic. Just off Main Street, incorporated an abundance of cultural elements. Abinaders parents may seem strict to the average American due to their after-school duties or round puffy disks she had Just baked (par 6). However, if one understands the Middle Eastern, European culture, they would know that Abinaders parents are structured and focused people. They dont give their children responsibilities at an early age to punish them; instead, they do this to introduce the cultures morals and alues. Other cultural aspects included in Abinaders essay were her descriptions of the Arabic dishes, the music and dancing in circles, and the stories told from the old days (par 10). All of these elements play a part in creating that home or feeling of belonging which I sense during my own family gatherings (par 21). Yet, Abinader could not mesh her two worlds due to the ridicule she already went through before cracking open her magical door. Similar to Abinader, I found it extremely difficult going through elementary and iddle school known as that foreign girl with a big nose and parents with strong accents. My magic door was always shut until the last couple years of high school. In high school and college, we try to find ourselves, or something that we can distinguish ourselves with. During these years, both, Abinader and I realized that being Middle Eastern is something to embrace and to share with others. It was not until Abinader studied at the University of Pittsburgh that she could finally open the threshold between her two worlds (par 13). The Syria-Lebanese room housed in the English Department revealed all of the beautiful things about Abinaders culture such as the Persian rug designs and the glass multi-colored lights (par 14). As soon as she recognized the appreciation and fascination her peers had of this room that she was associated with, Abinader felt a sense of pride, which inspired her to embrace her culture through literature (par 14). Adinader not only inspires young Arabic writers, but she also inspires young writers of any Middle Eastern, European decent to continue spreading the knowledge to those who are unfamiliar with the Middle Eastern culture. It is through the acceptance from others that we will truly be able to express ourselves and let down our guards. Its difficult to imagine any Middle Eastern individual to not want to inform the public of their cultures rich history. It saddens me that at times these individuals are forced to put up that magic door due to negative thoughts of these cultures or political controversies. However, through more education, we will finally be able to understand and accept one another opening all barriers that prevent worlds of meaning.

Come With

Come With Come With Come With By Maeve Maddox â€Å"I’m going to the movies. Do you want to come with?† A reader in England has noticed that this elliptical use of â€Å"come with† on British television and doesn’t care for it: I find it to be an expression I prefer not to use, as it sounds grammatically wrong and very odd, even though, were I in Germany, I would automatically and happily use the equivalent expression Kommen sie mit. Do you know the age of the English Come with? There is an example in the OED of a 19th century elliptical use of with without an object: in slang use, in reference to liquor means mixed with sugar, having sugar added; usually in phrases hot or cold with. 1836  Ã‚   Dickens Sketches by Boz 1st Ser. I. 84  Ã‚   Two glasses of rum-and-water ‘warm with- ’. 1843  Ã‚   R. S. Surtees Handley Cross I. x. 202  Ã‚   Fatch me up a glass of cold sherry negus with. 1843  Ã‚   R. S. Surtees Handley Cross I. xv. 322  Ã‚   ‘Take a glass of brandy,’ said she ‘hot with? or cold without?’ Where did the modern usage originate? The reader’s mention of German â€Å"Kommen sie mit,† points to the answer. Large numbers of German, Norwegian, Swedish, and Dutch immigrants to the U.S. settled in the midwest, near the Great Lakes. â€Å"Kommen sie mit† migrated into the local English dialect. English is, after all, a Germanic language. Old English mid, meaning â€Å"with,† survived into Middle English and was sometimes spelled mit. Many American speakers dislike the usage as well: Why do people say, â€Å"Can I come with† and â€Å"Do you want to go with†? That â€Å"with† hanging on the end of the sentence has always driven me crazy. That reaction seems a bit extreme. My Chicago relations say it. I find it odd, but endearing. It is, however, a regionalism that has not acquired the status of standard English. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Between vs. In Between50 Synonyms for "Song"

Assignment B wk3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment B wk3 - Essay Example It is biblically that God is a God of truth and His reverence must be in observance with that truth. To worship refers to demonstrate honor and respect to God, and at what moment in his physical presence, that denotes to prostrate oneself in a way in which one demonstrates his supremacy over oneself (MacArthur, 1983). Worshipping in truth is to show adoration to him in human nature through the actions. The concept of praising God in spirit and truth generates from Jesus’ discussion with the lady at the well in John 4. In the discussion, the lady was talk about places of worship with Jesus, claiming that the Samaritans worshipped at Mount Gerizim while the Jews prayed at Jerusalem. Jesus had just demonstrated that He understood about her numerous spouses, also the fact that the present man she stayed with was not her spouse (MacArthur, 1983). This made her uneasy, so she tried to sidetrack His attention from her private life to issues of religion. Jesus did not get distracted from His session on right worship and got to the core of the issue when he said that the hour was coming, and it was already time, when the true worshipers would adore God in truth and spirit, for God needs such to worship Him in John 4. The overall message concerning worshipping God in spirit and truth is that adoration of the Father is not to be restricted to a solitary geographical site or essentially controlled by the temporary requirements of bible law (MacArthur, 1983). With the presence of Christ, the severance between Gentile and Jew was no longer pertinent, nor was the site of worship as the temple. With the Christ, all of God’s believers gained equivalent admission to God through Jesus. Worship became an issue of the spirit, not outside actions, and bound for by reality rather than ceremonial. True worship ought to be in spirit that

References Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

References - Research Paper Example To mitigate the risk of lacking industry personnel and laborers, robots have been created with the ability to perform duties of people in manufacturing plants and factories. The robot has revolutionized industries. Tough activities are carried out by robots in that they never get tired. All they require is enough power to complete the tasks assigned. â€Å"They also do not require salaries and reduce the cost of paying staff in production plants.† (Richardson, 2007). These robots have been used in production lines to build cars, sort materials and work in hazardous regions that cannot be accessed by human beings without risking their health or life. Richardson (2007) notes that there is a risky trend in the population of people that could jeopardize the employment sector. â€Å"The number of people aged over 65 years old in the US will be more than 20 percent of the country’s entire population.† These statistics mean that there will be a reduced labor force. As s uch, it might be necessary to have robots that are smart and intelligent enough to take over some duties performed by human beings. Having seen the fact that people are aging and not leaving behind a young generation that can fully replace them, it is important to also look at the fact that old people get sick quite easily. These illnesses include stroke, hypertension and diabetes, among others. With such kinds of illnesses, old people cannot work well, let alone take care of themselves. Thus, engineers have created robots that can emulate doctors and nurses so as to take care of the sick people. These robots include automatic wheel chairs that are intelligent enough to take one to the place they would like to go without any physical effort from the patient. Others communicate with patients and even give them their regular medicines according to the prescribed dosage. Cristina (2004), in her analysis of the attitudes towards the use of social robots in

My Dog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Dog - Essay Example When I returned from the study tour, as I neared the house, the first thing that I expected was about the welcome that would be in store for me by White†¦..instead, the grim face of my sister standing at the gate shocked me!"Where are Mom and Dad? And what about White? Have all of them gone for shopping?†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mom and Dad are sitting in the drawing room!† she said grimly and she began to sob. I ran in the direction of the house like an ace sprinter, and landed in the drawing room, gasping. Mom and dad embraced me†¦.Mom said weakly, â€Å"†¦.and your White is resting forever!" I literally grabbed my sister by the collar and asked, â€Å"Tell me †¦tell me, what happened to White!†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Mom gave the details. â€Å"That day, we engaged a chauffeur to go shopping and we wished to take your new car. As soon as White saw the chauffeur at the wheels, she went wild and as he opened the door, she flung herself on him. We tried our best to c alm her down and I tried to hold her firmly. As the driver was taking the car out of the garage, she managed to wriggle out of my grip and leaped towards the car and came under the wheels unnoticed by the chauffeur. She died instantly, with no chance of providing any medical attention to her!† The loss White is an unacceptable reality for me in life. I always recall how she did the ultimate commitment to me, by offering her life itself, for what she thought was incorrect- a stranger taking away the car of her dear master.

Cardiac Rehabilitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cardiac Rehabilitation - Essay Example The procedure, however convenient it may seem, results to back pain and discomfort due to the length of immobile bed rest so that complications such as bleeding may be prevented. There have been many efforts to improve the situation and many nurse researchers have come up with studies that testify to the possibility of shorter length of immobility and methods that further shorten hospital stay. Other concerns were also investigated including the personal side of the issue as viewed from the eyes of the patient. In this literature review, we present almost a timeline of published studies and see the many developments in cardiac rehabilitation with regards to post procedure care and treatment. The types of scholarship included here maybe empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological in nature. This literature review seeks to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify or integrate the content of primary reports. When we are dealing with the care of those who have experienced Percutaneous Corornary Intervention (PCI) and other cardiac rehabilitation procedures, we find it necessary to discuss how much bed rest is needed as to ensure the path to recovery and health of the patient. The main disadvantage of PTCA as compared to open heart surgery... and the associated post-procedure anticoagulation therapy require remaining in a supine position and long bed rest which took almost 24 hours post procedure. A study by Gulanick and colleagues (1997) detailed the angioplasty experience of patients. By conducting focus-group interviews on 45 patients, they were able to determine the feedback regarding hospital experience, home recovery process, restenosis concerns, need for health information, facilitators/barriers for reductions of risk factors and suggestions for nursing interventions to facilitate recovery. What they found out to be the most pressing concern was the back and leg discomfort from remaining in a supine position for too long. The participants suggested many nursing interventions such as bed exercise, use of an air mattress, back rubs and early walking. 2.3 Length of Bed Rest There have been several studies conducted on how to lessen the discomforts regarding bed rest. Vaught and Ostrow (2000) provided a thorough overview of past studies regarding this concern in their article "Bed rest after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: How much is enough" As this is the case, we mention some of the studies that were discussed in the article. The reader is made aware of the fact that the studies to be mentioned are not the work of the author per se but a collection of studies by different researchers. With regards to how much time is needed for bed rest after PTCA, the mailed cross sectional survey of Peet and colleagues (1995) of 35 hospitals in Canada (30 responded) indicated that almost 75% of the hospitals were practicing a maximum of 8 hours of length of bed rest. Fowlow and colleagues (1995) conducted a research study to determine whether their institution's standard 8 hours of bed rest could

Risk and Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Risk and Quality Management - Essay Example ..†¦13 8.0 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 9.0 Introduction By definition and ISO 9000:2005 recognition, quality is the degree to which a set of variables has the ability to meet the required standards. Risk can be simply defined as the possibility of failure. The Risk management is the continuous process of identifying, prioritizing and eliminating potential sources of failure to reach preset objectives. Operational risks that risk managers seek to minimize eliminate or control is enterprise risk, project risks and process risks. (Perkins, 2011) Literature Review; project and quality management Project management processes and quality management processes are correlated. ... Quality management comes in to ensure that the project management process is successful. In quality management, the value of output against the set standard is key. Time taken to deliver the output is kept in mind when quality management is done. The two processes, therefore, marry and work as one in the realization on organizational goals. (Greenberg, 2012) Tools and strategies used In total quality management, some common tools are used. These tools are grouped into categories. The categories alongside their tools include the following basics. Quality tools such as histograms, Pareto charts, fish bone, flow chart, scatter diagrams, control charts and check points. These are used to explain the relationships between two decision variables. In project planning and implementation, they are used to determine which project to invest in. the determining factors are the cash inflows and outflows and the gestation periods of the project. (Wiley, 2006 p 72) The use of histograms diagrammati cally shows the comparison of cash flows and benefits of projects. In risk and quality management, they are useful since they allow the representation of large volumes of data. From a glance, one can tell the frequency and variation of the represented data. In this case, the project planners can tell the future trend of their venture. The data values that are to be measured is collected and tabularize. The minimum values per item, say, output per hour of product A to G is 100. Statistical values on each variable are made. These are the mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, skewness, kurtosis, class width and number of classes. These statistics are used to compare the

Cardiac Rehabilitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cardiac Rehabilitation - Essay Example The procedure, however convenient it may seem, results to back pain and discomfort due to the length of immobile bed rest so that complications such as bleeding may be prevented. There have been many efforts to improve the situation and many nurse researchers have come up with studies that testify to the possibility of shorter length of immobility and methods that further shorten hospital stay. Other concerns were also investigated including the personal side of the issue as viewed from the eyes of the patient. In this literature review, we present almost a timeline of published studies and see the many developments in cardiac rehabilitation with regards to post procedure care and treatment. The types of scholarship included here maybe empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological in nature. This literature review seeks to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify or integrate the content of primary reports. When we are dealing with the care of those who have experienced Percutaneous Corornary Intervention (PCI) and other cardiac rehabilitation procedures, we find it necessary to discuss how much bed rest is needed as to ensure the path to recovery and health of the patient. The main disadvantage of PTCA as compared to open heart surgery... and the associated post-procedure anticoagulation therapy require remaining in a supine position and long bed rest which took almost 24 hours post procedure. A study by Gulanick and colleagues (1997) detailed the angioplasty experience of patients. By conducting focus-group interviews on 45 patients, they were able to determine the feedback regarding hospital experience, home recovery process, restenosis concerns, need for health information, facilitators/barriers for reductions of risk factors and suggestions for nursing interventions to facilitate recovery. What they found out to be the most pressing concern was the back and leg discomfort from remaining in a supine position for too long. The participants suggested many nursing interventions such as bed exercise, use of an air mattress, back rubs and early walking. 2.3 Length of Bed Rest There have been several studies conducted on how to lessen the discomforts regarding bed rest. Vaught and Ostrow (2000) provided a thorough overview of past studies regarding this concern in their article "Bed rest after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: How much is enough" As this is the case, we mention some of the studies that were discussed in the article. The reader is made aware of the fact that the studies to be mentioned are not the work of the author per se but a collection of studies by different researchers. With regards to how much time is needed for bed rest after PTCA, the mailed cross sectional survey of Peet and colleagues (1995) of 35 hospitals in Canada (30 responded) indicated that almost 75% of the hospitals were practicing a maximum of 8 hours of length of bed rest. Fowlow and colleagues (1995) conducted a research study to determine whether their institution's standard 8 hours of bed rest could

To what extent has the UKs Vocational Education and Training (VET) Essay

To what extent has the UKs Vocational Education and Training (VET) system contributed to a skills gap Discuss with reference to the UKs potential to learn from other countries VET systems - Essay Example 5). Despite that, UK still continues to suffer from a skills gap that has affected its high economy. 3 This paper provides arguments that establish the participation degree played by the UK national VET system in bridging the skills gap. The aim is not to provide a theoretical analysis of UK’s performance, but rather to reference performance frameworks to Australian and Germany VET systems by establishing what can be learnt. 3 The term Vocational education and training (VET) originates from the content and purpose of the training. International bodies define VET as the means of preparing occupation professional fields for effective participation in the labour market (Bosch and Charest 2010, p. 1). However, this definition may not fit the current educational dimension that is characterised by university education that also prepares individuals for the workforce under specific professions. Thus, while higher education is concerned with the preparation to the labour market, vocational training is more concerned with earlier specialization for an occupational field. For this paper, we shall adopt Brockmann’s (2008 p, 2). Definition of VET an integrated and comprehensive system aimed to offer learners the ability to act competently within an occupation. 6 VET helps to match individual skills with labour force and existing market needs, equips individuals with lower levels of education with developed skills that can enable them fit into the expanding global economy that has introduced competition among countries. Vocational training also empowers young and inexperienced employees with ‘job ready’ skills, and develops a high skilled labour force that encourages and country investments by increasing economic growth (OECD 2011, p.7). 6 The universal decisive shift from holistic to vocational training in recent years has induced the UK to seek initiatives that aim at addressing her

Hispanic Americans in the United States Essay Example for Free

Hispanic Americans in the United States Essay Abstract Over the past several decades, the United States has become a much more diverse country. Immigration from most if not all countries throughout the world are the reason for this. A large portion of the immigrants that make up our country are Hispanics. Hispanics aren’t just made up of one group of people, but rather several groups from different countries of the world including Cuba, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Central America, and South America. They differ in many ways from one another including but not limited to their method of entry into the United States, the color of their skin, traditions, culture, political background, musical trends, and lifestyle. In many ways, Hispanics are disadvantaged from non-Hispanic whites. This has been the way since they first came to the United States. If it wasn’t for the color of their skin and for some of them, their dialect or language, they may not be subject to the prejudice and discrimination they encounter on a daily basis. HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES 3 Hispanic Americans in the United States A large portion of the population in the United States is made up of immigrants. Many of those immigrants are of Hispanic origin. Hispanic Americans make up several groups of people. Each of the different groups have a set of their own traditions and their cultures vary slightly and sometimes very significantly. Americans tend to group all Hispanics into one group and forget that not all of them came from one country, but rather several countries. Entering the United States Mexican Americans Throughout most of our history, Mexicans have entered the United States voluntarily. The American Southwest was previously part of Mexico until they lost it to the United States after the Mexican War (Marger, 2012). The Mexicans that inhabited those areas were then incorporated into the United States (Marger, 2012). Puerto Rican Americans Puerto Ricans didn’t come to the United States by force, nor voluntarily. The United States gained Puerto Rico as part of its territory after the Spanish-American War and those on the island were automatically given American citizenship (Marger, 2012). Puerto Ricans were then able to come and go freely as they chose, just as American citizens are able to go from state to state. Cuban Americans Cubans have recently come to the United States voluntarily similar to the Puerto Ricans and Mexicans. Their motive for migrating to the United States though was for political reasons rather than economic reasons like the Mexicans and Puerto Ricans (Marger, 2012). When the HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES 4 Cubans came to the United States, they tended to be more educated and more prepared to begin an occupation than most other foreign immigrants (Marger, 2012). Central Americans Many of the Central American immigrants have come to the United States as political refugees (Marger, 2012). Most have come voluntarily like many of the Hispanic migrants have. Another large reason for Central Americans migrating to the United States was for economic opportunities (Marger, 2012). Hispanics and Music About Latin Music Latin music first developed in different Latin American countries, mainly Cuba and it is originally derived from African religious ceremonies (Revels-Bay). Latin music is a unique kind of music and it has a unique rhythmic structure when compared to American music (Revels-Bay). American music can be considered by most people to be Rock and Roll. Latin music is typically viewed as dance music. It has a lot of rhythm which is highly syncopated (Revels-Bay). Latin music, like American music includes many instruments. American music tends to be more on the beat than Latin music. Latin music also uses more percussion instruments than American music and it includes several different string instruments. Some of the string instruments include timbales, congas, congo, guitar and the Cuban guitar (Revels-Bay). Over the years, the bass, trumpets, trombones and woodwinds were added to play melodies and repetitions of sound and the piano replaced the guitar (Revels-Bay). Latin Music Gaining Popularity The motivations underlying the boom of Latino music have brought possibilities for economic gain and increase the visibility of Latin Americans within the United States (Cepeda). HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES 5 Two Latin Americans who have brought Latin music to America are Emilio and Gloria Estefan. They have hits in the United States and also have Crescent Moon Studios. Crescent Moon Studios are a Mimi-based Sony affiliate that grosses 200 million dollars yearly (Cepeda). Their Crescent Moon Studios are also a reason for the popular building of the Latino music in the media industry in the United States. Gloria and Emilio Estefan are two very successful Hispanic Americans. There are several famous musical artists but because of their race, it is harder for them to be accepted into the musical industry. The number of Hispanic Americans who have been successful making music is relatively small when compared to the number of non-Hispanic musical artists. There have been several popular Latin musical artists who have brought new meaning to Latin music in the United States. Some examples are Ricky Martin, Jennifer Lopez and Shakira. They keep a lot of the Latin culture in the Latin-American music, but they â€Å"Americanize† it in a sense and the language used is English. This has helped to integrate one part of the Hispanic cultures into today’s American society. Hispanic American Families Family Structure Traditionally in the Hispanic culture, the father or the oldest male in the family holds the greatest amount of authority over the family and women typically show submission (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The responsibilities tend to be shared among the members of the family. When compared to the non-Hispanic whites, many of the households are similar. Although, throughout the years, the father or oldest male is no longer always the authority holder in the home. Instead, the mother and father hold equal amounts of authority. HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES 6 The household size of Hispanic American families is larger than other American families. The average size of a Hispanic household is 3. 47 people and for the rest of the population, the average is 2. 62 people (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Family Values Family is an important part in most Hispanic American’s lives. Family is a large reason for immigration for many of them. They may have family ties here who they wish to move closer to or they may be moving here to provide a better life for their family. The extended family of Hispanic Americans plays a major role in each family member’s life (Moitinho). They tend to have strong bonds and a lot of interaction among much of the family and extended family. In many households, parents, grandparents and children live in the same home or live nearby (Moitinho). Among most Hispanic families, faith and church are a lot times central to their family and community life. Most Hispanic homes have a religious object and most attend a religious service once a month or more (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Single Parent versus Two Parent Families. In the United States, 70% of Hispanic children live in two parent homes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Single parent families among Mexican Americans have grown from 14% in 1980 to 22% in 2001 (Zeiders, Roosa, Yuntein, 2011). Children who live in a single parent home tend to be at greater risk than children in two parent homes for academic and conduct problems, substance abuse and depression (Zeiders, Roosa Yuntein, 2011). This may be due to the fact that there is a lack of financial resources for some of the single parent families versus the two parent families who may have a double income. Although there are some studies HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES 7 that show Latino children in single parent homes are more likely to have negative outcomes, there are also some studies that show they are not (Zeiders, Roosa Yuntein, 2011). Marriage Patterns In the United States, Mexican American females are most likely to be married and non-hispanic blacks are the least likely (Landale, Oropesa, Bradatan, 2006). Among some of the Hispanic races in the United States, 4% of Cuban females and 38% of Puerto Rican females aged 20-24 are married (Landale, Oropesa, Bradatan, 2006). Fitting In Over recent decades, Hispanic Americans have adapted to more of the â€Å"Americanized† way of living. Many of them dress alike, eat American food, go to college, etc. They have assimilated somewhat, but are far from being fully assimilated. They may never actually be fully assimilated into American society. One main reason is their race. It has typically been shown throughout history that races made up of white people are able to assimilate much easier than those with different skin colors. Conclusion Hispanics have come from several different countries and even look dissimilar from each other but are still each identified as Hispanics. Throughout the years, Hispanics have adapted to the American way of living and continue to do so. The only thing separating many Hispanics from non-ethnic whites is the color of their skin. As a whole, Hispanics have assimilated in many ways but they will probably never be fully assimilated. Instead, they may be working towards full acculturation. HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES 8 References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 14, 2013, from http://www. cdc. gov/ /Audience/AudienceInsight_CulturalInsights. pdf Cepeda, M. E. Mucholoco for ricky martin; or the politics of chronology, crossover, and language within the latino music boom. Popular music and society, 55-67. Retrieved November 7, 2013, from Ebscohost. Landale, N. S. , Oropesa, R. S. , Bradatan, C. (2006). Hispanic families in the United States: Family structure and process in an era of family change. In Hispanics and the future of America. Retrieved November 14, 2013 from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK19902/ Marger, M. N. (2012). Race and ethnic relations American and global perspectives (9th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Moitinho, E. (n. d. ). Hispanic culture 101. In American association of christian counselors. Retrieved November 18, 2013, from http://www. aacc. net/2012/09/21/hispanic-culture-101-increase-your-hispaniclatinocultura l-iq/ Revels-Bey, N. (n. d. ). History of Latin music. In Revels-Bay Music. Retrieved November 18, 2013, from http://www. revels-bey. com/history_of_latin_music. htm Zeiders, K. H. , Roosa, M. W. , Yuntein, J. (2011). Family structure and family processes in mexican-american families. Family process, 70-91. Retrieved November 7, 2013, from Ebscohost.

Idioms Translation and Cultural Differences

Idioms Translation and Cultural Differences Idioms Translation and Cultural Differences Abstract: As we know, language is bearer of culture and idioms are heavily culturally loaded phrases and sentences. To translate English idioms involves obstacles for Chinese features. When an idiom is being translated, we will find it often hard to be translated. While the key to translate is that its figurative meaning should be remained. In this paper, it is from living conditions, customs, religions belief and historical allusions to describe cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms, and detailed description of methods in English and Chinese idioms translation. Key words: Language , Cultural differences , Idioms , Translation methods 1. Introduction Language is the carrier of culture. Both English and Chinese language has a long history.They have a large number of idioms, they are implicitly, humor, serious and elegant. While idioms are a very important part of any language, and idiom translation plays an important role in translation. Idiom is a speech form or an expression of a given language that is peculiar to itself grammatically or cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its elements. Idioms include colloquialisms, proverbs,slangs and so on. When we translate idioms from Chinese into English or English into Chinese, we should know the cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms, and we can find the right translation methods. 2. the Cultural Differences between Chinese and English Idioms Idioms translation is an intercultural activity, therefore, we should take cultural differences into consideration when we translate them. And the cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms can be classified into four types. 2.1. From living conditions The natural environment is the basis of human living and development. China is a country with continental climate, Chinese people live in the continent of Asia. Since ancient times, China is a large agricultural country, the land is important to peoples life. Therefore, there are many idioms related to wind, agriculture and land-related. Such as æâ€" ©Ã¨ â€°Ã©â„¢ ¤Ã¦   ¹ ( stamp out the root of trouble ), é £Å½Ã¨ °Æ'é› ¨Ã© ¡ º ( seasonable weather for crop raising ), æÅ' ¥Ã¥Å"Ÿå ¦â€šÃ©â€¡â€˜( spend money like water ) ä ¸â€¡Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¤ ¿ ±Ã¥ ¤â€¡Ã¥  ªÃ¦ ¬  Ã¤ ¸Å"é £Å½ ( Everything is ready except the east wind ), ä ¸Å"é £Å½Ã¦Å  ¥Ã¦Ëœ ¥( )Chinese people can understand its meaning, for British people it is difficult. Because in Chinese east wind symbolizes spring and warmth , and The United Kingdom is located in the western hemisphere north temperate zone, with marine climate. In England, east wind comes from the northern part of the European continent, and it symbolizes chilly and unpleasant ,while west wind symbolizes spring in England, so they can not understand the real meaning of Chinese idiom. In English there are many idioms related to water, fish, boat and so on, such as as weak as water (Ã¥ ¼ ±Ã¤ ¸ Ã§ ¦ Ã© £Å½), in deep water (é™ ·Ã¥â€¦ ¥Ã¤ ¸ ¥Ã©â€¡ Ã¥â€º °Ã¥ ¢Æ') to keep ones head above water (Ã¥ ¥â€¹Ã¥Å â€ºÃ¥â€º ¾Ã¥ ¼ º), water under the bridge (æâ€"  Ã¦ ³â€¢Ã¦Å' ½Ã¥â€ºÅ¾Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¨ ¿â€¡Ã¥Å½ »)drink like a fish (è ± ªÃ© ¥ ®), to miss the boat (é”™å ¤ ±Ã¨â€° ¯Ã¦Å" º), all at sea (ä ¸ Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã¦Å½ ª). 2.2. From customs There are many differences between English and Chinese customs. In China, people think themselves are descendant of the Dragon, the dragon is a symbol of auspicious animals. Thus, we have dragon-related idioms contain complimentary sense. Such as æÅ"݌ ­ Ã¦Ë† Ã© ¾â„¢(To expect ones son to become an outstanding personage), é ¾â„¢Ã¥â€¡ ¤Ã¥â€˜Ë†Ã§ ¥ ¥(Harmony reigns) and so on. In western countries, they think dragon is a fire-breathing animal and it is terrifying. In addition, peoples attitude toward the dog is different. In English-speaking countries, people think the dog is a faithful animal to human, such as Youre a lucky dog(ä ½  Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¥ ¹ ¸Ã¨ ¿ Ã¥â€ž ¿),Every dog has his day(å‡ ¡Ã¤ º ºÃ©Æ' ½Ã¦Å"‰å ¾â€"æ„ Ã¦â€" ¥).On the contrary, the dog is a lowly animal in China. Such as ç‹ ¼Ã¥ ¿Æ'ç‹â€"è‚ º ( brutal and cold-blooded ),ç‹â€"çÅ" ¼Ã§Å"‹ä º ºÃ¤ ½Å½( the damned snobbish ),ç‹â€"å˜ ´Ã©â€¡Å'Ã¥  Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ¨ ± ¡Ã§â€°â„¢( a dogs mouth emits no ivory ),etc. There is another example, in Chinese culture, ox is the symbol of diligence. From ancient times, Chinese farmers went in for farming with the help of ox. So Chinese give love and praise to ox. Then in Chinese we have 力å ¤ §Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ§â€°â€º when it is translated into English, it should be as strong as a horse, Chinese people say Ã¥Æ' Ã§â€°â€ºÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦   ·Ã¥â€¹ ¤Ã¥Å  ³, in English, people say work like a horse . We use different animal to express the same meaning. In Chinese, there are some idioms related to eat , for example Ã¥ Æ'ä ¸ Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã¥â€¦Å"ç â‚¬Ã¨ µ °means find oneself in serious trouble,Ã¥ Æ'è ½ ¯Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ Æ'ç ¡ ¬means can be persuaded by reason but not be cowed by force. Some idioms because of their distinctive national features, can not found in English corresponding expression. 2.3. From religions belief Religious belief is an important part in culture. Different religious beliefs had different reflections in different idioms. Chinese people believe in Buddhism and Taoism, therefore there are many Chinese idioms are related to Buddhism. Such as 借èŠ ±Ã§Å' ®Ã¤ ½â€º( borrowing the opportunity ),æ™ ®Ã¥ º ¦Ã¤ ¼â€"生( salvation of all sentient beings ),Ã¥ ¹ ³Ã¦â€" ¶Ã¤ ¸ Ã§Æ' §Ã© ¦â„¢Ã¯ ¼Å'æ€ ¥Ã¦  ¥Ã¦Å  ±Ã¤ ½â€ºÃ¨â€žÅ¡( when the devil was sick, the devil a monk would be ),é â€œÃ© «ËœÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¥ ° ºÃ¯ ¼Å'é ­â€Ã© «ËœÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸Ë†( While the priest climb a post, the devil climb ten )etc. While in English-speaking countries, people believe in Christianity. So they have many idioms related to Christianity. Such as as poor as a church mouse (ä ¸â‚¬Ã¨ ´ «Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦ ´â€") God help those who help themselves (ä ¸Å Ã¥ ¸ Ã¥ ¸ ®Ã¥Å  ©Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ¥Å  ©Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ º º), God sends fortune to fools (å‚ »Ã¤ º ºÃ¦Å"‰å‚ »Ã§ ¦ ), Go to hell (ä ¸â€¹Ã¥Å" °Ã§â€¹ ±Ã¥Å½ »), Gods mill goes slowly, but it grind well (Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã§ ½â€˜Ã¦  ¢Ã¦  ¢Ã§â€" Ã¨â‚¬Å'ä ¸ Ã¦ ¼ ), wash ones hands off (æ ´â€"手ä ¸ Ã¥ ¹ ²), the Day of Judgement (æÅ" «Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥ ® ¡Ã¥Ë† ¤) and so on. 2.4. From historical allusions An important part of historical culture is historical allusion, and England and China have a large number of idioms originated from historical allusion. These idioms are simple but far-reaching, and we often can not be understood from the literal meaning. In Chinese we have Ã¥ ®Ë†Ã¦   ªÃ¥ ¾â€¦Ã¥â€¦â€( wait for windfalls ),ä º ¡Ã§ ¾Å Ã¨ ¡ ¥Ã§â€° ¢( better late than never ),æ‹”è‹â€"åŠ ©Ã©â€¢ ¿( spoil things by excessive enthusiasm )ï ¼Å'èž ³Ã¨Å¾â€šÃ¦ â€¢Ã¨ â€°Ã¯ ¼Å'é »â€žÃ©â€ºâ‚¬Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ Å½( Mantis catch a cicada, siskin is hind.),å››é  ¢Ã¦ ¥Å¡Ã¦ ­Å'( be pounded on all sides )etc. Most English allusive idioms come from the Bible and Greek and Roman mythology. Such as Achilles heel (å” ¯Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¨â€¡ ´Ã¥â€˜ ½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ¼ ±Ã§â€š ¹), Penelopes web (æ ° ¸Ã¨ ¿Å"Ã¥ ®Å'ä ¸ Ã¦Ë† Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ · ¥Ã¤ ½Å"), The Trojan Horse (æÅ" ¨Ã© © ¬Ã¨ ® ¡Ã¯ ¼â€ºÃ¦Å¡â€"èâ€" Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥  ±Ã©â„¢ ©), Meet ones Waterloo (ä ¸â‚¬Ã¨ ´ ¥Ã¦ ¶â€šÃ¥Å" °), swan song (ç » Ã¥â€ ±), arrow of Cupid (ä ¸ËœÃ¦ ¯â€Ã§â€° ¹Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã§ ® ­), A Pandoras box (æ ½ËœÃ¥ ¤Å¡Ã¦â€¹â€°Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã§â€ºâ€™Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥  ³Ã§  ¾Ã©Å¡ ¾Ã£â‚¬ Ã© º »Ã§Æ' ¦Ã£â‚¬ Ã§ ¥ ¸Ã¥ ® ³Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦   ¹Ã¦ º ), The apple of discord (ç ¥ ¸Ã¦â€š £Ã¯ ¼â€ºÃ¤ ºâ€°Ã§ « ¯)and so on. 3. Principle and methods of idiom translation Idioms are usually short in form but profound in sense. Each idiom bears an image and a figurative meaning. Idioms translation should be faithful. Faithful means the Chinese version must be faithful to the English idiom at least in figurative sense, and English idioms are not exactly equal to the Chinese idioms in figurative sense though they appear to be. For example, pull ones leg is not equal to 拉å Å½Ã¨â€¦ ¿, move heaven and earth is not equal to ç ¿ »Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¨ ¦â€ Ã¥Å" ° and childs play is not equal to å„ ¿Ã¦Ë† . In order to be faithful in translation ,we should convey the original figurative meanings and sacrifice the images. Therefore, pull ones leg can be rendered into Chinese as Ã¥ â€"ç ¬â€˜Ã¦Å¸ Ã¤ º º, move heaven and earth can be rendered into Ã¥ ° ½Ã¥Å â€º and childs play can be rendered into Chinese as 易å ¦â€šÃ¥  Ã¦Å½Å'. All these renditions are faithful to the original figurative meanings. So each idiom bears an image and a figurative meaning. An English idiom and a Chinese idiom which are same in image maybe different in figurative meaning. If we can transfer both the image and the figurative meaning by literal translation, we should use literal translation. If we can not, we should better keep the figurative meaning and sacrifice the image. Then, we should use free translation. Generally speaking, the common methods of translating idioms are the following types: 1. Literal translation 2. Free translation 3. Literal translation + Free translation 4. Adapted translation 3.1. Literal translation A literal translation is a translation that follows closely the form of the source language. If the image and the figurative meaning are not contradictory to each other, then both of them can be retained in the translation, we should make efforts to reduce the loss in translation and use literal translation method as much as possible. For instance, time is money is translated into æâ€" ¶Ã©â€" ´Ã¥ ° ±Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã©â€¡â€˜Ã©â€™ ±, which preserves its original image and figurative meaning. There are many idioms of this kind: In English, 1) Forbidden fruit is sweet. ç ¦ Ã¦Å¾Å"分å ¤â€"ç”Å"。 2) In the country of the blind the one-eyed man is king. ç› ²Ã¤ º ºÃ¥â€º ½Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¯ ¼Å'ç‹ ¬Ã§Å" ¼Ã§ § °Ã©â€ºâ€žÃ£â‚¬â€š 3) If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. Ã¥ Å'æâ€" ¶Ã¨ ¿ ½Ã¤ ¸ ¤Ã¥â€¦â€Ã¯ ¼Å'å… ¨Ã©Æ' ½Ã¦Å â€œÃ¤ ¸ Ã¥Ë† °Ã£â‚¬â€š 4) Half a loaf is better than no bread. æÅ"‰å Å Ã¥ â€"é  ¢Ã¥Å'…æ€ »Ã¦ ¯â€Ã¦ ² ¡Ã¦Å"‰å ¥ ½Ã£â‚¬â€š 5) The Trojan horse. ç‰ ¹Ã¦ ´â€ºÃ¤ ¼Å Ã¦Å" ¨Ã© © ¬Ã£â‚¬â€š 6) Blood is thicker than water. è ¡â‚¬Ã¦ µâ€œÃ¤ ºÅ½Ã¦ ° ´Ã£â‚¬â€š 7) Misfortunes never come singly. ç ¥ ¸Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ â€¢Ã¨ ¡Å'。 8) An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. ä » ¥Ã§Å" ¼Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ§Å" ¼Ã¯ ¼Å'ä » ¥Ã§â€°â„¢Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ§â€°â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š In Chinese, 1)明æž ªÃ¦Ëœâ€œÃ¨ º ²Ã¯ ¼Å'æšâ€"ç ® ­Ã©Å¡ ¾Ã©Ëœ ²Ã£â‚¬â€šIt is easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding. 2)城éâ€" ¨Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã§  «Ã¯ ¼Å'æ ®Æ'Ã¥ Å Ã¦ ±  Ã© ± ¼Ã£â‚¬â€šA fire on the city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat. 3)è · ¯Ã©  ¥Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã© © ¬Ã¥Å â€ºÃ¯ ¼Å'æâ€" ¥Ã¤ ¹â€¦Ã¨ § Ã¤ º ºÃ¥ ¿Æ'。As a long road tests a horses strength, so a long task proves a persons heart. 4)åˆ Ã§â€Å¸Ã§â€°â€ºÃ§Å Å Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦â‚¬â€¢Ã¨â„¢Å½Ã£â‚¬â€šNew-born calves make little of tigers. 5)è ¿Å"æ ° ´Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ § £Ã¨ ¿â€˜Ã¦ ¸ ´Ã£â‚¬â€šDistant water cant quench present. As the language roots of the cultural is different, literal translation is likely to be ambiguous and vague. In this case, we should add annotation. Such as: ä ¸â€°Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¨â€¡ ­Ã§Å¡ ®Ã¥Å'  Ã¯ ¼Å'è µâ€ºÃ¨ ¿â€¡Ã¨ ¯ ¸Ã¨â€˜â€ºÃ¤ º ® We know Chukeh Liang was a famous person in Chinese history, but maybe some western people have nothing about him. We can translate it into Three cobblers withe their wits combined equal Chukeh Liang, the master mind . ç  ­Ã©â€" ¨Ã¥ ¼â€žÃ¦â€" § ( show off ones proficiency with axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter ) And in English, to carry coals to New Castle (è ¿ Ã§â€¦ ¤Ã¥Ë† °Ã§ º ½Ã¥  ¡Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥ °â€Ã¯ ¼â€ºÃ¦Å'‡å ¤Å¡Ã¦ ­ ¤Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ¾Ã¯ ¼Å'ç º ½Ã¥  ¡Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥ °â€Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¥â€º ½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ º §Ã§â€¦ ¤Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ¿Æ') 3.2. Free translation Free translation means transmitting the figurative meaning in the original English idiom by means of free translation. And it usually loses the original image, like the translation of the English idiom Call a spade a spade , whose image and figurative meaning can not be accepted by the Chinese readers at the same time if they are literally rendered into Chinese as 把é“ ²Ã¥ ­ Ã¥  «Ã©â€œ ²Ã¥ ­ . So the translator can put it into Chinese as ç› ´Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ ® ³, which is readily accepted by the Chinese readers. There are many idioms of this kind: In Chinese, 1)打å ¼â‚¬Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã§ ªâ€"è ¯ ´Ã¤ º ®Ã¨ ¯ Ã£â‚¬â€šFrankly speaking. 2)ä ¸Å"æâ€" ½Ã¦â€¢Ë†Ã© ¢ ¦ is a Chinese idiom, for Chinese people, it is easy to understand, and if we translate it into Dong Shi imitates Xi Shi , it will very difficult for western people to understand. Because they maybe dont know Dong Shi and Xi Shi. So we can translate it into crude imitation with ludicrous effect 3)Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¤ ¸Å"éš…ï ¼Å'æ” ¶Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¦ ¡â€˜Ã¦ ¦â€ Ã£â‚¬â€šWhat one loses on the swings one gets back on the roundabouts. ( If we use method of lateral translation, lose where the sun rises and gain where the sun set, the readers will can not understand it. ) 4)Ã¥ ¡Å¾Ã§ ¿ Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã© © ¬Ã¯ ¼Å'焉çŸ ¥Ã© Å¾Ã§ ¦ Ã¯ ¼Å¸A loss may turn out to be a gain. ( Due to the readers dont know the background of this idiom, we can not translate into When the old man on the frontier lost his mare, who could have guessed it was a blessing it was a blessing in disguise? ) 5)Ã¥ ºâ€ Ã§Ë† ¶Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦ ­ »Ã¯ ¼Å'é ² Ã©Å¡ ¾Ã¦Å" ªÃ¥ · ²Ã£â‚¬â€šThere will always be trouble until the trouble-maker is removed. ( If we translate it into Until Qing Fu is done away with, the crisis in the state of Lu will not be over , the readers will not understand a persons name and country name. ) 6)æ ­ ¤Ã¥Å" °Ã¦â€"  Ã©â€œ ¶Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ¸ ¤Ã£â‚¬â€šA guilty person gives himself away by conspicuously protesting his innocence. ( We can not translate it into No 300 taels of silver buried here. ) In English, 1) a skeleton in the cupboard (Ã¥ ® ¶Ã¤ ¸â€˜) 2) It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¤ º ºÃ¤ º ºÃ©Æ' ½Ã¦Å"‰å ® ³Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ ºâ€¹Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¦Å"‰ã€‚( It can not be translated into ä ¸ Ã§ »â„¢Ã¤ » »Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã¤ º ºÃ¥ ¸ ¦Ã¦  ¥Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ ¤â€žÃ§Å¡â€žÃ© £Å½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ§ ¡ ®Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¦  ¶Ã© £Å½Ã£â‚¬â€š) 3) Every man has a fool in his sleeve. ä º ºÃ¤ º ºÃ©Æ' ½Ã¦Å"‰ç ³Å Ã¦ ¶â€šÃ§Å¡â€žÃ¦â€" ¶Ã¥â‚¬â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š( It can not be translated into ä º ºÃ¤ º ºÃ¨ ¢â€"Ã¥ ­ Ã©â€¡Å'éÆ' ½Ã¨ £â€¦Ã§ â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¥â€š »Ã§â€œÅ"。) 4) When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war. ä ¸ ¤Ã©â€ºâ€žÃ§â€º ¸Ã¤ ºâ€°Ã¯ ¼Å'å… ¶Ã¦â€"â€"Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã§Æ'ˆã€‚( It can not be translated into Ã¥ ¸Å'è…Šä º ºÃ© â€¡Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¥ ¸Å'è…Šä º ºÃ¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ®Å¡Ã¦Å"‰ä ¸â‚¬Ã¥Å" ºÃ¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â€"â€"。) Some idioms from the religious literature, usually we need to use free translation. Such as: å››å ¤ §Ã§Å¡â€ Ã§ © º( All physical existence is vanity),å… ­Ã¦   ¹Ã¦ ¸â€¦Ã¥â€¡â‚¬( free from human desires and passions ),å›  Ã§ ¼Ëœ( principal and subsidiary causes ),ç º ¢Ã¥ °Ëœ( human society ) and so on. 3.3. Literal translation and Free translation This method means to transfer both the figurative meaning and image of source language idiom into target language with the help of free translation. This translation method can help retain the original figurative meaning and image, which can be accepted by the target language readers. In Chinese: ç  «Ã§Æ' §Ã§Å"‰æ ¯â€º the fire is singeing the eyebrows ——— a desperate situation è ´Å¸Ã¨ â€ Ã¨ ¯ ·Ã§ ½ ª proffer a birch and ask for a flogging ——— offer a humble apology ç  ­Ã©â€" ¨Ã¥ ¼â€žÃ¦â€" § show off ones skill with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter ——— display ones slight skill before an expert In English: A bull in a china shop å… ¬Ã§â€°â€ºÃ©â€" ¯Ã¨ ¿â€ºÃ§â€œ ·Ã¥â„¢ ¨Ã¥ ºâ€"——— 肆æ„ Ã¦  £Ã¤ ¹ ± The cat weeps over the mouse. çÅ' «Ã¥â€œ ­Ã¨â‚¬ Ã© ¼  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¥ â€¡Ã¦â€¦Ë†Ã¦â€š ² There is no rose without a thorn.çŽ «Ã§â€˜ °Ã§Å¡â€ Ã¦Å"‰åˆ ºÃ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¤ ¹ Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦ ¯â€Ã¦Å"‰è‹ ¦ Every flow has its ebb.æ ½ ®Ã¦Å"‰æ ¶ ¨Ã¨  ½Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¤ º ºÃ¥ Ë†Ã§â€ºâ€ºÃ¨ ¡ °Ã¦â€" ¶ 3.4. Adapted translation Some English idioms are found exact counterparts in Chinese which are dissimilar to them in images. In this case we can use these idiomatic Chinese expressions to replace the English idioms. For examples: In English, 1) He that sows the wind will reap the whirlwind. çŽ ©Ã§  «Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ§â€žÅ¡Ã£â‚¬â€š 2) Like begets like. é ¾â„¢Ã§â€Å¸Ã© ¾â„¢Ã¯ ¼Å'å‡ ¤Ã§â€Å¸Ã¥â€¡ ¤Ã£â‚¬â€š 3) Many straws may bind an elephant. çÆ'‚é º »Ã¦ â€œÃ¦Ë† Ã§ » ³Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ¹Å¸Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¦â€¹â€°Ã¥ Æ'æâ€" ¤Ã£â‚¬â€š 4) When shepherds quarrel, the wolf has a winning game. é ¹ ¬Ã¨Å¡Å'ç› ¸Ã¤ ºâ€°Ã¯ ¼Å'æ ¸â€Ã§ ¿ Ã¥ ¾â€"åˆ ©Ã£â‚¬â€š In Chinese, 1) Ã¥ Å Ã§â€œ ¶Ã©â€ â€¹Ã¯ ¼Å'å‡ ºÃ¤ ºâ€¹Ã¦â€¢â€¦Ã£â‚¬â€šA little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 2) Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¨ § Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¦â‚¬ ªÃ£â‚¬â€šWonder is the daughter of ignorance. 3) ä ¸â€°Ã¦â‚¬ Ã¨â‚¬Å'Ã¥ Å½Ã¨ ¡Å'。Look before you leap. 4) Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ© ± ¼Ã¥ ¾â€"æ ° ´Ã£â‚¬â€šLike a duck to water. 5) æÅ"‰å… ¶Ã§Ë† ¶Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã¦Å"‰å… ¶Ã¥ ­ Ã£â‚¬â€šLike father like son. 4. Conclusion: Idioms are a very important part of any language. So necessary knowledge of cultural differences is indispensable to the translation of idioms. Each idiom bears an image and a figurative meaning. When we are translating an idiom, its a basic requirement that we should remain its figurative meaning. For the translator, he must have a good command of English and Chinese language and cultures. References: [1] å† ¯Ã¥ ºâ€ Ã¥ Å½ 《å ®Å¾Ã§â€ ¨Ã§ ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã§ ¨â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€¹ ä ¸Å Ã¦ µ ·Ã¥ ¤â€"è ¯ ­Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ§â€°Ë†Ã§ ¤ ¾ 2002Ã¥ ¹ ´ [2] Ã¥ ®â€¹Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã©â€ ¡ 《ç ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¦â€" °Ã¦ ¦â€šÃ¥ ¿ µÃ¨â€¹ ±Ã¦ ±â€°Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¥ ®Å¾Ã§â€ ¨Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã§ ¨â€¹ ç ¬ ¬4版》 å› ½Ã©Ëœ ²Ã¥ · ¥Ã¤ ¸Å¡Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ§â€°Ë†Ã§ ¤ ¾ 2006Ã¥ ¹ ´ [3] è ´ ºÃ§Ë† ±Ã¥ Å½ æ  ¨Ã§Å"Ÿæ ´ ª 《ä »Å½Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"Ã¥ · ®Ã¥ ¼â€šÃ§Å¡â€žÃ¨ §â€ Ã¨ §â€™Ã§Å"‹ä ¹  Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã§ ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã£â‚¬â€¹ é â€™Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã§ §â€˜Ã¥ ­ ¦ 2009Ã¥ ¹ ´ [4] Ã¥  ¢Ã¦ ¦â€ Ã¦ ¢â€¦ 《è ® ºÃ¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"Ã¥ · ®Ã¥ ¼â€šÃ¥ ¯ ¹Ã¦ ±â€°Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¤ ¹  Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã§ ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ½ ±Ã¥â€œ Ã£â‚¬â€¹ Ã¥ ¹ ¿Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã©â„¢ ¢Ã¦Å  ¥ 2009Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã§ ¬ ¬5æÅ"Ÿ

The Angers of the Rich :: Character Analysis, Buchanan

Paul Krugman discusses topics including anger, wealth, self-pity, and self-righteousness in his article, â€Å"The Angry Rich.† All of these characteristics are reflected in the character Tom Buchanan, from The Great Gatsby. Tom, who depicts himself as an imperious man, puts himself above everyone just because he has money. In The Great Gatsby, money rules the society from where you live, whom you’re friends with, and even the way people look at you. Tom and Daisy both think of themselves as exclusive compared to everyone else and put themselves above the rules. Tom has a mistress, Myrtle, she isn’t the most appealing woman, but it is enough to fuel the fire of Tom’s ego. The Great Gatsby illustrates Tom getting irritated and angry while driving to the city as a result of noticing the relationship between Daisy and Gatsby, and no one informing him of it: â€Å"Did you see that?† †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"You think I’m pretty dumb, don’t you?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ He paused. The immediate contingency overtook him, pulled him back from the edge of the theoretical abyss† (121). Tom is starting to catch on that Daisy might be cheating on him with Gatsby, but he has no right to be upset; he is doing the same thing with Myrtle! Tom’s realization also supports his beliefs in rules not applying to him because he is higher than everyone else. Jordan Baker, one of Daisy’s friends, sums up Tom’s feelings toward Gatsby in one statement: â€Å"Listen, Tom. If you’re such a snob, why did you invite him to lunch?† demanded Jordan crossly† (122). If Tom has â€Å"made a small investigation of this fellow† (122); and concludes that he doesn’t like him, then why does he invite him places and attend his party? Before Nick goes to dinner with the Buchanans, he fills us in on Tom’s privileged life: â€Å"Her husband†¦a national figure in a way, one of those men who reach such an acute limited excellence at twenty-one that everything afterward savors of anti-climax. His family were enormously wealthy† (Fitzgerald 6). This passage illustrates Tom’s trouble-free access to masses of money. With this money comes power and obviously this power has made Tom feel like he is at liberty to anything. Paul Krugman also states this in his article: â€Å"And among the undeniably rich, a belligerent sense of entitlement has taken hold† Another one of Tom’s amazing traits is having self-pity.

Bullying: Victim and Researchers Essay

I. Introduction Bullying is one of the major problems that our students are facing. In CIC’s Guidance Office and even in the Office of the Student’s Affairs (OSA) many of the students have reported different cases of bullying. Some students do not go in the said offices but instead they would prefer to relay such incidents to their teachers. Some go directly to the Principal’s Office along with their parents or guardians. One good attestation and observation, a high school student who feels superior tends to bully students in the lower years. This student asks some students from lower years to do his assignment. Sometimes he drives the student’s confidence down. The freshmen and some students of different year levels are afraid of this student. In order for this student to succeed in his studies or get high grade he would force others to do his projects. Hence, he looks for weaker student that he may over power in order for him to be famous or be regarded as someone influ ential. The victim loses his focus in school because of the threat brought by this bully. Sometimes he would not attend his classes and increase tendency of failing his academic subjects. Such scenario has been a recurring phenomenon in the school environment. Numerous studies have been made in the past as part of a continuous attempt to understand human behavior in its entirety. At present, however, bullying has been regarded a typical happening in schools and less attention is given to it or none at all. Although bullying may seem a minor concern in the research locale of this study, which is the school, it undermines most students who are simply afraid to speak up about it. According to Encarta Dictionary, bullying is the process of intimidating or mistreating somebody weaker or in a vulnerable situation. Cases of physical, sexual, emotional, even spiritual abuse may be considered as bullying (Ouimet, 2011). Bullying may also be described as Rankism or discriminatory towards others because of their rank in a particular hierarchy. (Fuller, 2003) Bullying is an action which uses negative words against someone which causes distress to the one who is being bullied. Moreover, the victim may lead to anxiety, low self-esteem, hopelessness and worst develop suicidal tendencies (Oliver et al., 2003). Bullying may also cause students’ absenteeism or particularly their less engagement in school. In one scenario, a higher year student has a project in one of his subjects. For this student to accomplish the project, he threatens a lower year student verbally to do it for him and finish it as soon as possible. If the victim would not comply with the oppressor’s demand, the oppressor will beat up the lower year student ruthlessly. However, the victim is also busy with his studies and it’s difficult for the victim to do the oppressor’s demand at the same time. Since, he could not do the oppressor’s demand; the victim will not go to school because he is afraid to be beaten up. These findings have encouraged the researchers to conduct a further study in a specific place where such cases are often occurring, the school. In relation to our study, Ken Seeley, EdD et al. (2009) of the National Center for School Engagement conducted a research on peer victimization or also known as Bullying. Their study tells that bullying is not direct cause of students’ absenteeism or low school achievement. However, Bullying results in the victim becoming less engaged in school and cease attending classes. Seeley et.al focused on the effects and ultimate outcomes of bullying not just whether raw bullying numbers decrease, but whether the ever-present victims of bullying go on to college or to crime. Their research was also designed to assess the role of victimization frequency and intensity in determining how much school a student misses. Additionally, their study reveals a connection between bullying and school engagement. Bullying had a negative impact with school engagement, so the more a student was victimized, the less the student was engaged at school. The authors concluded that bullying greatly influences the student’s engagement in school that the more occurrence of peer victimization the less the student attend his/her class. Statement of the Problem: What does bullying really give? Does it really give happiness to the oppressor? How about the victims? Do they feel the same way too? These are the questions raised by the researchers upon seeing the rampant cases of bullying. In this study, the researchers come up with a major question in their research: * How can we lessen the rampant cases of bullying in CIC High school Department? In addition, the researchers have minor questions in the said topic: * What are the major causes of bullying in CIC High School Department? * In what way can bullying threaten CIC High School Students’ lives? Significance of the Study: The purpose of this paper is to lessen the influence of bullying not only in CIC High School Department but also in other departments and other schools where cases of bullying are rampant. Information regarding bullying will help students to cope up with it accordingly. This paper will help those students who experience bullying to regain their self-esteem and to have a better social life. It will also serve as an eye-opener for students who are unaware of their actions which may be considered as bullying towards their fellow students. This work will give knowledge to the readers about what bullying really is and a clear vision about the effects of bullying in every individual’s life. Subsequently, this study will be beneficial to the oppressors of bullying that they may use the knowledge to avert the intensifying cases of bullying. It will give victims of bullying understanding and awareness on what they need to do if they are facing this problem. Scope and Delimitation: One aspect covered by this research is the social life of the high school students in the school environment in relation to the various effects brought by bullying. This, in particular, includes how victims of bullying as well as the oppressors relate and interact with fellow students, peers and their teachers. In addition, the study focuses on the academic life of the high school students on how they perform in class and in different activities in the school. This refers to the grades of the students who have experienced acts of bullying and also of the oppressors. II. METHOD Method of Research: In this section, the study presents the computations concerning the population of the respondents using the Slovin’s Formula as well as the study’s data and the process of how it was gathered. For the questionnaires used in the survey, the researchers adapt the instrument known as Likert Scale. Moreover, the researchers discuss the statistical treatment on how the students respond in the survey questionnaires. Since Bullying involves human behavior which needs psychological explanation, the researchers employ Descriptive-Status Method in tackling this topic. This method will help the researchers to easily obtain answers and solutions to the problem. Moreover, the method will help the researchers to make a more understandable and manageable approach to the topic as it will provide clearer explanations to the target aspects of the study. This method will aid the readers to easily comprehend the data and information discussed in the study. Samples and Sampling Procedures The researchers employ Purposive Sampling design since it is most suitable with the research. Purposive Sampling design, also known as judgmental, selective or subjective sampling, is a type of non-probability sampling technique. Non-probability sampling focuses on sampling techniques where the units that are investigated are based on the judgment of the researcher. Moreover, the researchers used the Slovin’s Formula to get the Number of Respondents allotted in each year level. Table 1: The Total Population of Different levels of the High School Students of the College of the Immaculate Conception and the Number of Respondents computed using Slovin’s Formula. Year Level| Total Population(Number of Students) Data Gathering Procedures: The researchers composed questionnaires whereby the respondents are asked to answer a set of questions by means of rating depending on their level of agreement or disagreement. The questions concern the effects of bullying in every student’s studies. The researchers enquire answers to come up with a conclusion regarding to the study. The questionnaires are distributed to the different year levels of respondents. Description of the Instrument: In this study, the researchers used the questionnaire made of a Likert Scale to gather necessary data and information. The scale is named after its inventor, a psychologist named Rensis Likert. Likert Scale is also known as rating scale that the respondents specify their level of agreement or disagreement on a symmetric agree-disagree scale for a series of statements. Thus, the scale captures the intensity of the student’s feeling for a given item. Construction and Validation of the Instruments: The researchers have undergone brainstorming and revisions in order to have a final survey. The researchers used a survey as the instrument of the study .Suggestions and comments were raised by the English critics and Statistician upon seeing the draft of the survey. However the instrument undergone a lot of revisions and the researchers took the suggestions of the English critics for the researchers to have an official instrument. The instrument was finalized and polished by the researchers thus; the researchers reproduce the instrument and distributed upon the signal of the Research Adviser. Administration of the Instrument After the instrument has been approved by the experts, the researchers went through the reproduction of the questionnaires. Conclusions: In light of the above summary and findings, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. According to the respondents of this study, most of them are victims of bullying. Almost all of them are suffering from bullying and didn’t have the confidence to face the bullies. Based on the data gathered by the researchers, 69% respondents attest that they sometimes experience bullying in the school. As a result they almost lose all of their confidence in themselves but luckily there was God and their family to support them. 2. It only showed that most of the respondents moved on and the bullying was just a challenge, trial and inspiration to realize something more about life. It gave them a lesson in protecting and maintaining their bravery within themselves because it was a gift from God. And we must be ready at all times for such obstacles in life that might happen in the future. 3. We Filipinos still carry the good attitude of our ancestors which is shown a lot of times throughout our history. So instead of bullying others, how about we use this attitude to be united again not only within our city but also in the whole country. 4. The victims used a lot of strength to move on from the challenging event happened in their lives. For them, it was very hard to move on and to forget the tragedy they experienced because it almost destroyed their future but with the help of God, most of the victims realized that they still need to move on and face the reality to continue their lives and be thankful for surviving such event and their faith in God was strongly developed. 5. The lessons given by this research was to open the eyes of the victims who are suffering from this and to learn the different things to do to protect themselves. We must be prepared and be aware enough to such things as bullying. Some victims said that they realized the importance of not only themselves but also their family because they are the only ones left and served as inspiration to move on from the trials in life. 6. The victims have learned a lot and they have some suggestions to the school, to the community and to others. To the school, they should voice out the needs of the victims of the bullying. For the community and to others, they wanted to emphasize the importance of the family, to be strong, and faced the trials in life and do not give up. The victims did not lose hope to survive the battle because they believe in God and they pray to God. We must never forget God and ask for His goodness to guide and gives us strength in the trails we are facing. 7. No matter what end of the bullying we are on, we need to make sure that we are doing our part to prevent and stop this. Bullying is a serious matter, whether we like it or not. If we do not think that we can handle the situation on our own, there is no harm in asking for help. We can find help in a variety of places, even within our own family. Recommendations: These are some of the researchers’ recommendations after the findings and conclusions were made: 1. Bullying is a serious problem that can dramatically affect the ability of students to progress academically and socially. A comprehensive intervention plan that involves all students, parents, and school staff is required to ensure that all students can learn in a safe and fear-free environment. 2. Do not be a coward and try to face the challenges in our life. 3. Love ourselves and show the bullies that we have the strength to face them before it’s too late. 4. Instead of getting a revenge on the bully, try to show them that you’re not affected by this because the real weaklings here are the bullies. 5. Always be prepared through learning the different things to do when such difficulties happen in the future. 6. The guidance counselor and the Office of the Student Affairs must take action immediately when such event happens. 7. Through trials we face in life, do not forget to have faith in God and ask for His guidance, for our family to be always safe and secure. Lastly, be thankful for the life that He gave us. 8. The Government should take action to this problem by promoting an anti-bullying program not only to schools but also to our fellow countrymen.